Logcheck. It took ages to make sure innocent logs are ignored, but now I get an email as soon as anything non-routine happens on my servers. I get emails with logs from every update, every time I log in, etc. This has given me the most confidence that nothing unexpected is happening on my servers. Of course, one needs to make sure that the firewall is configured well, and that you use ssh keys etc., but logcheck is how I know I’m doing enough.

How do you upload a snapshot?

Basically, as you said. Mount the data somewhere and back up its contents.

I back up snapshots rather than current data, because I don’t want to stop the running containers that read and write from that data. I’d rather avoid the situation where the container is writing data while it’s being backed up. The back up happens shortly after the daily snapshot is made so the difference between current and snapshot data is small.

As others have said, with an incremental filesystem level mechanism, the backup process won’t be too taxing for the CPU. I have ZFS set up which makes this easy and I make hourly snapshots using sanoid which also get sent to another mirrored pair of connected drives using syncoid. Then, once a day, I upload encrypted daily snapshots to a bucket in the cloud using restic. Sounds complicated, but actually sanoid/syncoid and restic do all the heavy lifting. All I did is automate their schedules using systemd timers and some scripts to backup the right directories.

Very interesting project! However, I can’t help shake the feeling that whilst you pitch it as a platform for sharing DRM-free games, it will get used for sharing games against the licenses and wishes of publishers. I don’t really care about the publishers, but do you not think there is a great risk that once your app gets enough attention, it will draw their ire and force you to shut down? Perhaps not directly, but e.g., removing you from the windows store etc.

For caching, are you sure you’re generating enough traffic to benefit from it? Plus, CDN caching’s strength only really comes into play when the users are geographically distributed which isn’t really the case for most self hosters.

For DDoS check if your VPS host does DDoS protection. Some do and include it for free. I’ve been monitoring my server traffic lately. Since I’ve ditched Cloudflare, I haven’t needed DDoS protection.

You can still use Cloudflare DNS without redirecting traffic via their CDN. I do that.

The point about not revealing the IP address is a personal one it seems. I think it indeed does matter if that IP address is if your home, but not so much of it’s of a VPS in some data center. But anyway, this point seems personal.

However, everything is a trade off and everybody has a personal take on which trade off they want to take. When I was in a similar situation, I ditched CDN proxying via Cloudflare though I still kept them for DNS.

My configuration and deployment is managed entirely via an Ansible playbook repository. In case of absolute disaster, I just have to redeploy the playbook. I do run all my stuff on top of mirrored drives so a single failure isn’t disastrous if I replace the drive quickly enough.

For when that’s not enough, the data itself is backed up hourly (via ZFS snapshots) to a spare pair of drives and nightly to S3 buckets in the cloud (via restic). Everything automated with systemd timers and some scripts. The configuration for these backups is part of the playbooks of course. I test the backups every 6 months by trying to reproduce all the services in a test VM. This has identified issues with my restoration procedure (mostly due to potential UID mismatches).

And yes, I have once been forced to reinstall from scratch and I managed to do that rather quickly through a combination of playbooks and well tested backups.

What benefit do you get from running a Cloudflare proxy if you’re directing it to a VPS? I used to run with a Cloudflare proxy when my reverse proxy was hosted at home. Since then, I’ve moved it to a VPS and I no longer use the Cloudflare proxy, because I only expose the IP address of the VPS which is fine. Arguably Cloudflare provides you with DDoS protection, but that’s so far never been a problem for me.

Correct. And getting the right configuration is pretty easy. Debian has good defaults. The only changes I make are configuring it to send emails to me when updates are installed. These emails will also then tell you if you need to reboot in subject line which is very convenient. As I said I also blacklist kernel updates on the server that uses ZFS as recompiling the modules causes inconsistencies between kernel and user space until a reboot. If you set up emails, you will also know when these updates are ready to be installed because you’ll be notified that they’re being held van.

So yea, I strongly recommend unattended-upgrades with email configured.

Edit: you can also make it reboot itself if you want to. Might be worth it on devices that don’t run anything very important and that can handle downtime.

A few simple rules make it quite simple for me:

• Firstly, I do not run anything critical myself. I cannot guarantee that I will have time to resolve issues as they come up. Therefore, I tolerate a moderate risk of a borked update.
• All servers run the same be OS. Therefore, I don’t have to resolve different issues for different machines. There is then the risk that one update will take them all out, but see my first point.
• That OS is stable, in my case Debian so updates are rare and generally safe to apply without much thought.
• Run as little as possible on bare metal and avoid third party repos or downloading individual binaries unless absolutely necessary. Complex services should run in containers and update by updating the container image.
• Run unattended-upgrades on all of them. I deploy the configuration via Ansible. Since they all run the same OS, I only need to figure out the right configuration once and then it’s just a matter of using Ansible to deploy it everywhere. I do blacklist kernel updates on my main server, because it has ZFS through DKMS on it so it’s too risky to blindly apply.
• Have postfix set up so that unattended-upgrades can email me when a reboot is required. I reboot only when I know I’ll have some time to fix anything that breaks. For the blacklisted packages I will get an email that they’ve been held back so I know that I need to update manually.

This has been working great for me for the past several months.

For containers, I rely on Podman auto update and systemd. Actually my own script that imitates its behavior because I had issues with Podman pulling images which were not new, but which nevertheless triggered restarts of the containers. However, I lock the major version number manually and check and update major versions manually. Major version updates stung me too much in the past when I’d update them after a long break.

I expose my services to the web via my own VPS proxy :) I simply run only very few of them, use 2FA when supported, keep them up to date, run each service as rootless podman, and have a very verbose logcheck set up in case the container environment gets compromised, and allow only ports 80 and 443, and, very importantly, truly sensitive data (documents and such) is encrypted at rest so that even if my services are compromised that data remains secure.

For ssh, I have set up a separate raspberry pi as a wireguard server into my home network. Therefore, for any ssh management I first connect via this wireguard connection.

Thanks for this useful reply! I think I’ll just need to closely examine my setup and figure out if I really need the ability to up/down interfaces like I described or whether the more persistent approach of networkd is actually more suitable for me. Sometimes I just want to reproduce behaviour that I’ve used before, but may not actually need.

Thanks for your reply! One thing I’m struggling with networkd is hysteresis. That is, toggling the interface down and then back up does not do what I expect it to. That is, setting the interface down does not clear up the configuration, and setting the interface up does not reconfigure the interface. I have to run reconfigure for that. I was hoping that the declarative approach of networkd would make it easy to predict interface state and configuration.

This does make sense because configuration is not the same as operational state. However, what would the equivalent of ifdown (set interface down and remove configuration) and ifup (set interface up and reconfigure) be using networkd and networkctl? This kind of feature would be useful for me to test config changes, debug networking issues, disconnect part of the network while I’m making some changes, etc.

Thanks a lot for these tips! Especially about using the upstream deb.

I subscribed. I use navidrome since it has a slick UI and supports the subsonic API. Having both in one is great.

Thanks for your reply! Out of curiosity, what made you go with Prometheus over zabbix and check_mk in the end? Those two seem to be heavily recommended.

Why not have the reverse proxy also do renewal for the SMTP relay certificate and just rsync it to the relay? For a while I had one of my proxies do all the renewals and the other would rsync it.

I deploy as much as I possibly can via Ansible. Then the Ansible code serves as the documentation. I also keep the underlying OS the same on all machines to avoid different OS conventions. All my machines run Debian. The few things I cannot express in Ansible, such as network topology, I draw a diagram for in draw.io, but that’s it.

Also, why not automate the certificate renewal with certbot? I have two reverse proxies and they renew their certificates themselves.

ZFS send to a pair of mirrored HDDs on the same machine ever hour and a daily restic backup to S3 storage. Every six months I test and verify the cloud backup.

In addition to what you mentioned, setup logcheck to email you unexpected logs. It does require a bit of time and fine tuning to make it ignore expected logs, but in terms of security measures it’s very powerful. I get an email every time I log in, incorrectly type my sudo password, etc. Sounds very verbose, but it also means it’s verbose when something unexpected is happening which is what you want security-wise. A nice side effect of having to craft the regexes of what logs to ignore is that I know better what’s running on my server :)

I already posted that I recommend fastmail elsewhere in this thread, but you raised so many good points that it reminded me of some extra points :)

Fastmail offers granular, per-app passwords – I have a single password which has read-only access to IMAP in order to back up all the data on a timer. This feature is missing from many (many) other email providers - using the 80/20 rule, if they even offer it it’s a single password with full access (Mailfence, for example)

Since this community is about selfhosting I think it’s worth pointing out that this is AMAZING for selfhosting. I have all me selfhosted services sending e-mail via fastmail’s SMTP. With per-app passwords I don’t need to store my normal e-mail password and the apps can be limited to SMTP only (so no read access). And in case of compromise you can revoke permissions on a per-app granularity.

Fastmail offers full CardDAV (contacts) and CalDAV (calendar) access, which makes plugging it into any other app that supports this very easy - their DNS wizard helps you set up the service records. I use “DavX5” on my Android to sync all Contacts and Calendar outside of using the Fastmail app (which is a self contained app on Android, it’s not too bad)

Fastmail has become my contacts app now - it’s really great to have all your e-mail and contacts in the same place. The contacts don’t even need to have an e-mail address - I have a lot of contacts stored for whom I only have a phone number. I sync to android using the same DavX5 app and then immediately have these contacts in whatsapp and signal.